Morphology and Biochemistry of Ovulation Morfologia e bioquímica da ovulação

Abstract The process of ovulation involves multiple and iterrelated genetic, biochemical, and morphological events: cessation of the proliferation of granulosa cells, resumption of oocyte meiosis, expansion of cumulus cell-oocyte complexes, digestion of the follicle wall, and extrusion of the metaphase-II oocyte. The present narrative review examines these interrelated steps in detail. The combined or isolated roles of the folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are highlighted. Genes indiced by the FSH genes are relevant in the cumulus expansion, and LH-induced genes are critical for the resumption ofmeiosis and digestion of the follicle wall. A nonhuman model for follicle-wall digestion and oocyte release was provided.

Resumo O processo de ovulação envolve modificações genéticas, bioquímicas e morfológicas múltiplas e interrelacionadas: suspensão da proliferação das células da granulosa, reinício da meiose do oócito, expansão das células do complexo cumulus-oócito, digestão da parede folicular, e extrusão do oócito. Esta revisão narrativa examina em detalhes cada um desses eventos e os principais genes e proteínas envolvidos. Mais importante, a ação combinada ou isolada do hormônio folículo-estimulante (HFE) e do hormônio luteinizante (HL) é destacada. Detalha-se o papel do HFE na expansão do cumulus e do HL na digestão da parede folicular, permitindo a extrusão do oócito na superfície ovariana. Proveu-se um modelo não humano para explicar a digestão da parede folicular.

Salmonella Enteritidis Flagella may Enhance Attachment and Invasion of Hen Ovarian Granulosa Cells and Induce Protective Immune Response in Egg-laying Hens.

Aims: To study the effect of flagellin on bacterial attachment and invasion of avian ovary cells in vitro by comparing the attachment and invasion of wild-type S. Enteritidis with nonmotile mutants. To assess the immunogenic properties of extracted flagellin against Salmonella Enteritidis experimental infection in laying hens. Methodology: Non-flagellated mutants for wild-type S. Enteritidis (phage type 8, 13A and 28) were produced by using a strain of S. Enteritidis, SA4502, which carried an fliC::Tn 10 to transfer fliC::Tn 10 insertion into the wild type strains using phage 22 (P22)-mediated transduction with selection for antibiotic resistance encoded within the mutant alleles. Granulosa cells were harvested from Single Comb White Leghorn hens between 18-45 weeks of age. Flagellin was purified from the studied bacterial cultures of Salmonella Enteritidis following reported methods. Laying hens were immunized with the flagellin with adjuvant Results: Non-motile mutants of S. Enteritidis phage wild types were analyzed to confirm the elimination of H1 flagellin synthesis. Wild-type and fliC mutant strains were assessed for their ability to adhere to hen's ovarian granulosa cells. The adherence of the mutant strain was reduced nearly ten-fold compared with that of the wild-type phage 8. Similarly, light microscopic observation of fixed cover slips from wild-type phage types and its mutant strain revealed fewer numbers of the bacterial mutants adhered to the cultured granulosa cell monolayer. Light microscopy revealed similar findings for mutant phage types 28 and 13 A when compared to the wild-type control. There was five folds rise in the egg yolk antibody during the 2-3 weeks post-immunization. No rise was detected in the egg yolk samples from the control hens injected with the placebo mixture without flagellin. Conclusion: It was concluded that Flagellin has an important role in the attachment and invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis to avian ovary cells and that it can be used as immunogenic components to induce a protective immune response in vaccinated hens against challenge infection with the wild type strains.

Participación de los factores de crecimiento durante el desarrollo y maduración folicular en el ovario del mamifero / Participation of growth factors during follicular development and maturation in the mammal ovary

El progreso del desarrollo y la maduración folicular requiere de la participación en conjunto de diferentes moduladores del crecimiento tales como: gonadotropinas, hormonas esteroides, interleucinas y factores de crecimiento, en este caso tratamos los aspectos relacionados a los factores de crecimiento, su efecto en la regulación de la mitosis y la diferenciación de los componentes celulares del folículo, mediante acciones autócrinas y/o parácrinas. La acción sinérgica de los factores de crecimiento (EGF, TGFa,TGFß, FGF e IGFs) en la estimulación de la mitosis, está dada por un mecanismo de mutuo reforzamiento de sus actividades además de su interacción con las gonadotropinas y con las hormonas esteroides, favoreciendo con ello la proliferación y citodiferenciación del folículo, al estimular la producción y activación de enzimas esteroidogénicas y la utilización de colesterol provenientes de las lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad, regulando de esta manera la disponibilidad de colesterol, que es el sustrato común para las hormonas esteroides producidas por las células de la granulosa y de la teca durante la maduración folicular

The effect of serum on in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and steroidogenesis of bovine oocytes co-cultured with granulosa cells

The influence of fetal calf serum alone (fcs) or associated with proestrous (FCS + PCS), ESTROUS (FCS + ECS) or metaestrous (FCS + MCS) cow serum added to the culture medium and of the steroids produced by co-cultured granulosa cells were evaluated in terms of the in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF) of bovine oocytes. Supplementation of the medium with 9FCS + ECS and FCS + MCS resulted in higher proportions of oocytes that reached metaphase II (96.0 per cent and 93.3 per cent, respectively) and in higher proportion of embryos that reached the four- and eight-cell/morula stages (51.9 per cent and 65.6 per cent, respectively), whereas the supplementation with FCS and FCS + pcs resulted in only 79.2 per cent and 67.5 per cent, respectively, of matured oocytes nd 26.7 per cent and 34.4 per cent, respectively, of cleaved embryos. These findings show that the best IVM and IVF were obtained at lower concentrations of estradiol produced by co-cultured granulosa cells (supplementation with FCS + ECS: 10.3 ng/ml and FCS + MCS: 2.1 ng/ml), whereas the worst results in IVM and IVF occurred at higher concentrations of estradiol that were obtained with FCS (33.1 ng/ml) and FCS + PCS (19.9 ng/ml) supplementation. These data suggest an inhibitory effect of estradiol on resumption of oocyte meiosis in vitro